The BCAAs–leucine, isoleucine, and valine–are essential amino acids (meaning that the body cannot make them and they must be obtained through the diet or supplements) that have a unique biological effect in the body. In general, amino acids serve as building blocks for proteins and neurotransmitters in our bodies; BCAAs, in addition, stimulate the biochemical pathway that tells muscles to grow and also prevent muscles from being broken down. [fn value=3][/fn] When combined with resistance training, BCAAs increase testosterone levels and decrease stress hormones.[fn value=4][/fn] Leucine is considered the most important of these amino acids, but they are all important. [fn value=5][/fn]

Also known as beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, HMB is a nutrient that is similar to leucine and acts in both a similar and a unique fashion in the body.[fn value=6][/fn] Studies show HMB helps to reduce the muscle loss caused by stress hormones, which often increase as we age.[fn value=7][/fn]

One reason people seem to lose muscle mass as they age is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause the production of inflammatory signaling molecules in the body and muscle tissue breakdown.[fn value=8][/fn] Luckily, vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-carotene, lycopene, astaxanthin) have been shown in several studies to quench free radicals and support healthy muscle mass in aged populations. [fn value=9][/fn] [fn value=1o][/fn] Because omega-3-containing fish oils also have inflammation-modulating capacity, they are another tool to support healthy muscle mass.[fn value=11][/fn]

Vitamin D deficiency is very common in the population in general; in older people, this is compounded by the fact that the metabolic conversion of vitamin D into its active form decreases as we age.[fn value=12][/fn] Not only is vitamin D important for supporting muscle strength, a low level of vitamin D is associated with increased risk of falls, low bone mineral density and poor immune function. [fn value=13][/fn] Indeed, vitamin D supplementation has been found to decrease the likelihood of falls in the elderly and has been demonstrated to improve physical performance and strength in numerous studies.[fn value=14][/fn]

While these supplements can help maintain healthy muscle mass during the aging process, it is also important to make sure to get regular physical activity and to consume adequate calories.[fn value=15][/fn] Making smoothies and meal replacement shakes is a great way to pack in adequate protein, nutrient-dense fruits and vegetables, and healthy fats.

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