Traditional Uses

Valued as a spice and preservative, black seeds and their oil were traditionally used as a medicine for disorders of the respiratory system, digestive system, kidneys, liver, cardiovascular system, and immune system.² The seeds were said to “stimulate the body’s energy and [aid] recovery from fatigue and dispiritedness.”³

Composition

Black seed oil is high in unsaturated fats, in particular the omega-6 fat linoleic acid and the omega-9 fat oleic acid, the fatty acid olive oil is valued for.³ It also contains vitamin E, plant sterols (such as beta-sitosterol), polyphenols, and thymoquinone (often thought to be the main active ingredient of black seed).^{4 5} In addition to thymoquinone, other active compounds are likely to also be valuable, including thymohydroquinone, dithymoquinone, p-cymene, thymol (the same compound found in thyme), and carvacrol (also found in oregano).⁶

Modern Research and Uses

Black seed and its oil are still used today in traditional Arabic, Islamic, and Indian medicine. Modern research has confirmed many traditional uses and, in some cases, offered insight into the mechanisms behind the actions. Black seed oil is the most commonly available and used form in the West and we know that it acts as a free radical scavenger, modulates inflammation, increases cerebral blood flow, interacts with neurotransmitters, and induces apoptosis.^{7 8} Some specific benefits are explored below.

• Anti-microbial – Although human studies are lacking, in vitro and animal studies support black seed’s traditional use as an antimicrobial. Black seed oil and thymoquinone specifically have been found to be effective against a variety of bacteria, the fungus Candida albicans, and some parasites.^{9 10}
• Asthma – In animal asthma models, black seed oil modulated inflammatory markers and helped restore a balanced immune response.^{11 12} In a small human study, compared to those taking placebo, participants taking 500 mg of black seed oil twice daily for four weeks had improved asthma control and a normalization of eosinophils (a type of inflammatory cell).¹³
• Bone Health – Through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, black seed oil and/or thymoquinone may exert positive effects on the health and strength of the bones. In animal studies, black seed oil was found to reverse diabetes-induced bone changes and improve healing in non-osteoporotic bone fractures.¹⁴ Very little research has been done using black seed oil for bone health in humans, but there is some preliminary evidence to suggest it may be beneficial.¹⁵
• Cancer – Thymoquinone may induce apoptosis, act as both an antioxidant and pro-oxidant, interfere with signaling pathways, modulate the immune response, and reduce metastasis—all actions that are anti-cancer. In vitro, thymoquinone has been shown to exhibit several anti-cancer activities against a myriad of human cancer cells including myeloblastic leukemia, colon cancer cells, some pancreatic cancer cells, and prostate cancer cells.¹⁶ It also appears that the actions of black seed don’t interfere with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and may even enhance the effects of some.¹⁷ As promising as all this sounds, it is important to remember that promising, not proven, is exactly what it is. To date there are no human studies and barely any animal studies to speak of. We are still quite a way from any real understanding of how black seed oil might help humans with cancer. Remember, cancer is an extremely complex, multi-factorial disease and should be treated under the guidance of trained professionals.
• Cardiovascular Health – Black seed oil appears to support healthy blood lipid levels—in particular, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides.^{18 19} These benefits may come from the phytosterols, which have known cholesterol-modulating effects, or the thymoquinone and other antioxidants, which contribute to cholesterol reduction and help prevent cholesterol from oxidizing.^{20 21}
• Digestive Support – Besides being long recognized as a carminative herb (one that is capable of dispelling intestinal gas), black seed oil also appears to protect the mucosal lining, modulate inflammation, and act as a free radical scavenger in the gastrointestinal tract.²²  
• Liver Health – Thymoquinone has been shown to be hepatoprotective in several in vitro and animal studies.²³ In one small human study, patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) took black seed oil or placebo for eight weeks. The patients taking black seed oil saw improvements in their liver enzymes, lipid profiles, and inflammation.²⁴ Pretreatment with black seed oil was also protective against hepatotoxicity induced by alcohol in mice.²⁵
• Memory and Cognition – Black seed oil and, in particular, thymoquinone may be neuroprotective. Many in vitro and animal studies have found that thymoquinone reduces oxidative stress, modulates inflammation, improves cerebral blood flow, and protects neurons, all of which support healthy memory and cognition.^{26 27 28 29} Unfortunately, there are very few human clinical studies to verify the outcomes of these effects.
• Metabolic Syndrome – Several studies have found that administering thymoquinone both concurrently with and after a high-fat diet designed to induced metabolic syndrome in rodents protects against negative changes in cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, fasting blood glucose, and inflammatory markers.^{30 31 32 33} In one human study, patients with confirmed insulin resistance who took black seed oil along with standard medications saw a greater improvement in total and LDL cholesterol and fasting blood glucose than patients only taking the standard treatment.³⁴
• Pain – In animal studies, black seed oil has shown an analgesic effect and it has been hypothesized that the effect might be due to the fact that thymoquinone is anti-inflammatory, modulates the immune response, and is an antioxidant.^{35 36}  In human studies, black seed oil has improved systemic markers of inflammation and led to reductions in pain and the need for over-the-counter medication in patients with arthritis.^{37 38 39} Black seed oil applied topically two to three times a day for three to six weeks was effective in reducing knee arthritis in elderly patients and cyclical breast pain in women.^{40 41 42 43 44}
• Skin Health – Black seed oil has a long history of topical use for skin conditions. Many of its known activities could contribute to its effectiveness, including the fact that it is anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial. Several small human studies have found black seed oil to be an effective topical treatment for eczema, psoriasis, acne, and, in animal models, burns.^{45 46 47 48 49 50} Black seed oil emulsified with borage oil helped to reduce skin irritation and improve skin hydration and function.⁵¹ It should be noted that there are documented instances of black seed oil causing dermatitis when applied topically, and although this seems to be a rare side effect, it is always a good idea to test a small patch of skin with any new topical product (including those containing black seed oil) before applying to larger areas of skin.
• Sleep and Stress – In a recent study, 15 subjects with significant sleep problems took 200 mg of black seed oil for 28 days. Benefits included improved sleep quality; sleep latency, measured by the total time it took subjects to fall asleep; and enhanced time of deep sleep. Additionally, subjects saw significant improvements in REM and non-REM sleep, both of which are a necessary part of a healthy sleep cycle. As a secondary measure, black seed oil was also found to reduce stress and anxiety scores in subjects at the end of the 28-day study.⁵²

How to Take Black Seed Oil

With so many different common names, it is important to ensure you are getting black seed by looking for products that clearly identify themselves by the Latin name Nigella sativa. For most applications a standard dose for adults and children over 12 is 2.5 to 5 milliliters (1/2 to 1 teaspoon) of black seed oil per day. The dose for children six to nine years old is 1.25 mL and for children nine to twelve the dose is 2.5 milliliter.⁵³ Some studies have seen a magnified effect when black seed oil is used in conjunction with turmeric.^{30 32}

Safety

Black seed oil has an excellent safety record both through a long history of use and also through animal and human studies. Even still, side effects can occur. Potential side effects reported include nausea, bloating, heartburn, and slight increases in liver and kidney enzyme markers, which tend to be mild and are relieved by discontinuing the black seed.⁵⁴ Despite black seed being a relatively safe herb, caution should always be used when starting any new herb, nutrient, or medication, especially if you are already taking other supplements or medications or have a medical condition.

References

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